He took as his model Thucydides, whom he imitated in his truthfulness and impartiality, in the introduction of philosophical reflections and speeches, and in the brevity of his style, sometimes bordering upon obscurity. But the significance of these citations for the reconstruction is uncertain, because occasionally the authors cited Sallust from memory, and some distortions were possible. [216] C.M.C. [7] But Ronald Syme suggests that Jerome's date has to be adjusted because of his carelessness,[7] and suggests 87 BC as a more correct date. [42] Whether or not he intended to "unite all the Berbers in a patriotic war" following the vision of Masinissa (see above) is uncertain. Download it once and read it on your Kindle device, PC, phones or tablets. Indeed, alarmed contemporaries may have exaggerated the significance of the incident; yet, had the government not acted as firmly as it did (effectively declaring martial law), a catastrophe could have occurred. According to him, Sallust once used the word transgressus meaning generally "passage [by foot]" for a platoon which crossed the sea (the usual word for this type of crossing was transfretatio). On his return to Rome he purchased and began laying out in great splendour the famous gardens on the Quirinal known as the Horti Sallustiani or Gardens of Sallust. Sallust’s family was Sabine and probably belonged to the local aristocracy, but he was the only member known to have served in the Roman Senate. Scipio, of course, plays the role of the upright Roman who warns Jugurtha against misbehavior. Sallust — /ˈsæləst/ (say saluhst) noun (Caius Sallustius Crispus), 86–34 BC, Roman historian and statesman; noted for his Cataline Conspiracy (43–42 BC) and War of Jugurtha (41–40 BC) … Australian English dictionary Louis MacKay proposed a different dating. Sallust was a Roman politician and friend of Julius Caesar who after retiring from statesmanship wrote literary-historical works that describe some of … [40] In several cases he uses rare forms of well-known words: for example, lubido instead of libido, maxumum instead of maximum, the conjunction quo in place of more common ut. In the trial that followed, Cicero defended Milo, while Sallust and his fellow tribunes harangued the people in speeches attacking Cicero. 109?) Leipzig: Teubner, 1935. Jugurtha abandons Thala, and Metellus takes possession of it—LXXVII. They were created in the ninth century, and both belong to the mutili group. conspiracy of catiline and the jurgurthine war sallust. [28] However prominent scholars of Roman prosopography such as Ronald Syme refute this as a legend. "Princeps historiae Romanae", p. 120, Osmond P. J. Two years later, designated praetor, he was sent to quell a mutiny among Caesar’s troops, again without success. [35], The style of works written by Sallust was well known in Rome. THE WAR WITH JUGURTHA. [17] Syme suggests that Sallust, because of his position in Milo's trial, did not originally support Caesar. Sallust's Jugurthine War is a monograph recording the war against Jugurtha in Numidia from c. 112 BC to 105 BC. Sallust is the earliest known Roman historian with surviving works to his name, of which Catiline's War (about the conspiracy in 63 BC of L. Sergius Catilina), The Jugurthine War (about Rome's war against the Numidian King Jugurtha from 111 to 105 BC), and the Histories (of which only fragments survive) are still extant. [12] The Sallustii were a provincial noble family of Sabine origin. The evidence that Sallust held a quaestorship, an administrative office in finance, sometimes dated about 55, is unreliable. (App. However, Vretska relies on the false assumption that the ancients could not conceive of a genuinely changing character, and hence that Sallust must be presenting Jugurtha as vicious from the … Other opinions were also present. BCiv. 39 : Senate rejects treaty (Jan. Sallust’s last work, the annalistic Histories in five books, is much more expansive than his monographs on Catiline and Jugurtha (LCL 116), treating the whole of Roman history at home and abroad in the post-Sullan age. [47] Aulus Gellius saved[clarification needed] Pollio's unfavorable statement about Sallust's style. The contrast between his early life and the high moral tone he adopted in his writings has frequently made him a subject of reproach, but history gives no reason why he should not have reformed. In the early ages of the republic, the provinces were decreed by the senate to the consuls after they were elected; but by this law, passed A.U.C. Tacitus speaks highly of him (Annals, iii.30); and Quintilian does not hesitate to put him on a level with Thucydides, and declares that he is a greater historian than Livy. Two “Letters to Caesar” and an “Invective Against Cicero,” Sallustian in style, have often been credited, although probably incorrectly, to Sallust; the former title was attributed to him by the 1st-century-ad Roman educator Quintilian. [10] Michael Grant cautiously offers 80s BC. Sallust was primarily influenced by the Greek historian Thucydides and amassed great (and ill-gotten) wealth from his governorship of Africa. Sallust then supported the prosecution of Milo. Sallust was born in a time of civil war. His first political office, which he held in 52, was that of a tribune of the plebs. We must therefore avoid even the famous terseness of Sallust (though in his case of course it is a merit), and shun all abruptness of speech, since a style which presents no difficulty to a leisurely reader, flies past a hearer and will not stay to be looked at again.[49]. According to Suetonius, Lucius Ateius Praetextatus (Philologus) helped Sallust to collect them. 40 : C. Mamilius tr. Among those who borrowed information from his works were Silius Italicus, Lucan, Plutarch, and Ammianus Marcellinus. He brings his narrative to a climax in a senatorial debate concerning the fate of the conspirators, which took place on Dec. 5, 63. According to him, Earl D. C. "The Early Career of Sallust,". [4], After an ill-spent youth, Sallust entered public life and may have won election as quaestor in 55 BC. key role that King Juba of Numidia had played in supporting the Pompeian faction against Caesar in the recent civil war. [44][50] In the Middle Ages Sallust's works were often used in schools to teach Latin. Jugurtha summoned to Rome: 35: Jugurtha brings about murder of Massiva (early 110?) Among many scholars and historians interested in Sallust, the most notable are Leonardo Bruni, Coluccio Salutati and Niccolo Machiavelli. Sallust presents Catiline as a deliberate foe of law, order and morality, and does not give a comprehensive explanation of his views and intentions (Catiline had supported the party of Sulla, whom Sallust had opposed). Use features like bookmarks, note taking and highlighting while reading Sallust: The Conspiracy Of Catiline And The War Of Jugurtha. His first monograph, Bellum Catilinae (43–42 bc; Catiline’s War), deals with corruption in Roman politics by tracing the conspiracy of Catiline, a ruthlessly ambitious patrician who had attempted to seize power in 63 bc after the suspicions of his fellow nobles and the growing mistrust of the people prevented him from attaining it legally. Historians regret the loss of the work, as it must have thrown much light on a very eventful period, embracing the war against Sertorius (died 72 BC), the campaigns of Lucullus against Mithradates VI of Pontus (75-66 BC), and the victories of Pompey in the East (66–62 BC). On crossing crocodile-infested water, CW 86, 1992/93, 273-297. gegen den Numiderkönig Jugurtha führten, und ist um das Jahr 40 v. Chr. And to the delight of moralists he revealed that Roman politics were not all that official rhetoric depicted them to be. (Mart. Sallust then retired from public life and devoted himself to historical literature, and further developed his Gardens, upon which he spent much of his accumulated wealth. His only recorded action was unsuccessful. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. It differs from the writings of his contemporaries — Caesar and especially Cicero. On Famous Grammarians and Rhetoricians, 10. He makes no attack on the structure of the Roman state. Upon returning to Rome, Sallust was accused of extortion and of plundering his province, but through Caesar’s intervention he was never brought to trial according to the “Invective Against Sallust,” as reported by Dio Cassius. 7) was cited and interpreted by theologian Thomas Aquinas and scholar Brunetto Latini. His retirement may have been voluntary, as he himself maintains, or forced upon him by the withdrawal of Julius Caesar’s favour or even by Caesar’s assassination in 44. By the Sempronian law] “ Lege Semproniâ. pl. Sallust did not participate in military operations directly, but he commanded several ships and organized supply through the Kerkennah Islands. While he inveighs against Catiline's depraved character and vicious actions, he does not fail to state that the man had many noble traits, indeed all that a Roman man needed to succeed. Manuscripts of his writings are usually divided into two groups: mutili (mutilated) and integri (whole; undamaged). [53] During the French Wars of Religion, De coniuratione Catilinae became widely known as a tutorial on disclosing conspiracies. [60] The probability that all these scrolls came from one or more ancient manuscripts is debated.[61]. "Princeps Historiae Romanae: Sallust in Renaissance Political Thought". De bello Iugurthino ist nach De coniuratione Catilinae die zweite historische Monographie von Sallust.Das Werk behandelt die Geschehnisse des Krieges, den Gaius Marius und Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix 111–106 v. Chr. 631, the senate fixed on two provinces for the future consuls before their election (Cic. But he also had the backing of Italy’s dissatisfied veterans, impoverished peasants, and overburdened debtors. [33] The main source for this work is De Consulatu Suo by Cicero.[34]. ” This was the Lex Sempronia de Provinciis. Some words used by Sallust (for example, antecapere, portatio, incruentus, incelebratus, incuriosus), are not known in other writings before him. [29] According to Procopius, when Alaric's invading army entered Rome they burned Sallust's house.[30]. 2.24–42). The ethnography of I am about to relate the war which the Roman people carried on with Jugurtha, King of the Numidians; first, because it was great, sanguinary, and of varied fortune; and secondly, because then, for the first time, opposition was offered to the power of the nobility; a contest which threw every thing, religious and civil, into confusion, 1 and was carried to such a height of madness, … SALLUST'S JUGURTHA: CONCORD, DISCORD, AND DIGRESSIONS 49 the semi-legendary story of Harmodius and Aristogeiton to explain Athenian attitudes to tyranny (6. [37] Ronald Syme suggests that Sallust's choice of style and even particular words was influenced by his antipathy to Cicero, his rival, but also one of the trendsetters in Latin literature in the first century BC. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. [22] In 48 BC he was probably made quaestor by Caesar to[clarification needed] re-enter the Senate. FREE Shipping ... Sallust (Gaius Sallustius ... Jugurtha, the most important aspects of the work are on the transformation of the Roman army from amateur soldier-farmer landowners to a professional corps that admitted anyone. [51] During the Late Middle Ages and Renaissance Sallust's works began to influence political thought in Italy. Obwohl König Micipsa ihm nicht vertraut und auch versucht, ihn auszuschalten, gelingt es diesem, gleichberechtigter Thronfolger zu werden und zu bleiben. [215] J.-M. Claassen, Sallust's Jugurtha - rebel or freedom fighter? 1 IV. entstanden.. Hauptthema des Werkes ist weniger die Schilderung des … Gram. For the philosopher, see. 18. constructed in the Jugurtha (Jug.) Sallust (c. 86– c. 35/34 bce) described the conspiracy of the Roman patrician Catiline in the Bellum Catilinae (43–42 bce; Catiline’s War), and his Bellum Jugurthinum (41–40 bce; The Jugurthine War) focused on the war against Jugurtha, the king of Numida (roughly present-day Algeria). It includes only speeches and letters from Catiline, Jugurtha and Histories. In the final analysis, it seems that he was. to tradition were King Hiempsal’s, 40 and just as the dwellers in that land believe the circumstances to be. [2], Sallust was probably born in Amiternum in Central Italy,[3][4][5] though Eduard Schwartz takes the view that Sallust's birthplace was Rome. [10][32] The work does not show any traces of personal experience, and the most common explanation is that Sallust was absent from Rome on military service during this period. Sallust, as praetor designatus, with several other senators, was sent to persuade the soldiers to abstain, but the rebels killed two senators, and Sallust narrowly escaped death. The latter prediction does not include events covered in the war against Jugurtha, but in several places Sallust will foreshadow the coming conflict. Understanding this gives a poignancy to Sallust's writing that is roiling with passion and sadness underneath the clipped stoicism of the surface prose. The classification is based on the existence of the lacuna (gap) between 103.2 and 112.3 of the Jugurthine War. [18] Theodor Mommsen states that Sallust acted in Pompey's interests (according to Mommsen, Pompey was preparing to install his own dictatorship). Updates? Sallust himself was influenced by Thucydides more than by any other Greek writer. His brief style influenced, among others, Widukind of Corvey and Wipo of Burgundy. 36–39 : Year Two (110 BC) 36 : Campaign of the consul Sp. [5], There is no information about Sallust's parents or family,[11] except for Tacitus' mention of his sister. Rome the people pressed for the prosecution Sallust uses Jugurtha to highlight the lust of those nobles who had accepted Jugurtha’s of the Roman nobles for wealth and power. 1 XXVII. Nach dem Tod Micipsas kämpfen seine beiden Söhne, Adherbal und Hiempsal, und deren Halbbruder, Iugurtha, um die Herrschaft. Metellus receives a deputation from Leptis, and sends a detachment thither—LXXVIII. 8.1-2 According to Sallust, Jugurtha was corrupted and given ambition by unnamed Romans whom he met while campaigning with Scipio Aemilianus in Spain. [10] However, the last statement is based on the "Invective against Sallust" ascribed to Cicero,[24] which is probably a later forgery. Sallust is writing at the end of his life, seemingly to help him understand his own fate. [39], Sallust avoids common words from public speeches of contemporary Roman political orators, such as honestas, humanitas, consensus. Epigrams, XIV, 191: Hic erit, ut perhibent doctorum corda virorum, // Primus Romana Crispus in historia. Henrik Ibsen's first play was Catiline, based on Sallust's story.[50]. Sallust's account of the Catiline conspiracy (De coniuratione Catilinae or Bellum Catilinae) and of the Jugurthine War (Bellum Jugurthinum) have come down to us complete, together with fragments of his larger and most important work (Historiae), a history of Rome from 78 to 67 BC, intended as a continuation of Cornelius Sisenna's work. [41] Sallust also often uses antithesis, alliterations and chiasmus. Earl D. C. "The Early Career of Sallust". [59] The oldest integri scrolls were created in the eleventh century AD. At one time Marcus Porcius Latro was considered a candidate for the authorship of the pseudo-Sallustian corpus, but this view is no longer commonly held. I follow Cortius's interpretation. Omissions? Scanlon, T. “Textual Geography in Sallust’s The War with Jugurtha.” But the responsibility for its reliability will rest with my authorities. Jugurtha then became king of all Numidia. Das Reich wird in zwei Hälften aufgeteilt, Iugurtha ist jedoch mit seiner Hälfte nicht zufrieden, so dass er einen … [20] Mommsen identified this Sallustius with Sallust the historian, though T. R. S. Broughton argued that Sallust the historian could not have been an assistant to Julius Caesar's adversary.[21]. Two letters (Duae epistolae de republica ordinanda), letters of political counsel and advice addressed to Caesar, and an attack upon Cicero (Invectiva or Declamatio in Ciceronem), frequently attributed to Sallust, are thought by modern scholars to have come from the pen of a rhetorician of the first century AD, along with a counter-invective attributed to Cicero. Thus, he embarked on a political career as a novus homo (“new man”); that is, he was not born into the ruling class, which was an accident that influenced both the content and tone of his historical judgments. [10][22] This campaign was unsuccessful. [50] In the thirteenth century Sallust's passage on the expansion of the Roman Republic (Cat. SALLUST. Sallust's time as governor of Africa Nova ought to have let the author develop a solid geographical and ethnographical background to the war; however, this is not evident in the monograph, despite a diversion on the subject, because Sallust's priority in the Jugurthine War, as with the Catiline Conspiracy, is to use history as a vehicle for his judgement on the slow destruction of Roman morality and politics. [6] His birth date is calculated from the report of Jerome's Chronicon. This war provided the opportunity for the rise to the consulship of Gaius Marius, who, like Sallust and Cicero, was a “new man.” His accession to power represented a successful attack on the traditionally exclusive Roman political elite, but it caused the kind of political conflict that, in Sallust’s view, resulted in war and ruin. Sallust may have begun to write even before the Triumvirate was formed late in 43. Gaius Sallustius Crispus, usually anglicised as Sallust (; 86 – c. 35 BC [1]), was a Roman historian, politician, and novus homo from a provincial plebeian family. chapter 42. chapter 43. chapter 44. chapter 45. chapter 46. chapter 47 ... residing in the town of Thirmida, happened to occupy the house of a man, who, being Jugurtha's chief lictor, 1 had always been liked and favored by his master. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sallust, The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History and Culture - Biography of Charles Joseph Finger. Nothing is known of his early career, but he probably gained some military experience, perhaps in the east in the years from 70 to 60 bc. In any case, his knowledge of his own former weaknesses may have led him to take a pessimistic view of the morality of his fellow men, and to judge them severely. The most ancient scrolls which survive are the Codex Parisinus 16024 and Codex Parisinus 16025, known as "P" and "A" respectively. The anonymous “Invective Against Sallust” alleges immorality as the cause, but the real reason may have been politics. [56], Nietzsche credits Sallust in Twilight of the Idols[57] for his epigrammatic style: "My sense of style, for the epigram as a style, was awakened almost instantly when I came into contact with Sallust" and praises him for being "compact, severe, with as much substance as possible, a cold sarcasm against 'beautiful words' and 'beautiful sentiments'." [5][15][16] He became a Tribune of the Plebs in 52 BC, the year in which the followers of Milo killed Clodius in a street brawl. Political turmoil in Rome during the late republic had social and economic causes (not overlooked by Sallust), but essentially it took the form of a power struggle between the aristocratic group in control of the Senate and those senators who enlisted popular support to challenge the oligarchy. They are believed to be either neologisms or intentional revivals of archaic words. [27] As governor he committed such oppression and extortion that only Caesar's influence enabled him to escape condemnation. Earl, D. C. The Political Thought of Sallust. Here Sallust deals with a wider range of subject matter, but party conflict and attacks on the politically powerful remain a central concern. In Sallust’s view, Catiline’s crime and the danger he presented were unprecedented. 7.4 ff (41) According to Sallust, Jugurtha was corrupted and given ambition by unnamed Romans whom he met while campaigning with Scipio Aemilianus in Spain. ... Catiline S War Is Discussed Sallust Monograph Bellum Catilinae 43 42 Bc Catiline S War Deals With Corruption In Roman Politics By Tracing The Conspiracy [4][5][13] They belonged to the equestrian order and had full Roman citizenship. From the beginning of his public career, Sallust operated as a decided partisan of Julius Caesar, to whom he owed such political advancement as he attained. These gardens would later belong to the emperors. Sallust, Titus Munatius Plancus and Quintus Pompeius Rufus also tried to blame Cicero, one of the leaders of the Senators' opposition to the triumvirate, for his support of Milo. In 49 Sallust sought refuge with Julius Caesar, and, when the civil war between Caesar and Pompey broke out in that year, he was placed in command of one of Caesar’s legions. Latte, K. Sallust. "Princeps historiae Romanae: Sallust in Renaissance political thought", p. 101, Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sallust&oldid=1008001638, Articles with Russian-language sources (ru), Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2016, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with multiple identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Sallust: The Conspiracy Of Catiline And The War Of Jugurtha - Kindle edition by Curtius, Quintus. Mai 35 oder 34 v. Chr. [25][26] In 46 BC, he served as a praetor and accompanied Caesar in his African campaign, which ended in the decisive defeat of the remains of the Pompeian war party at Thapsus. In 50 BC, the censor Appius Claudius Pulcher removed him from the Senate on the grounds of gross immorality (probably really because of his opposition to Milo and Cicero). ” The same as insolenter, though some refer it, not to Sallust, but to quis existumet, in the sense of strangely, i.e. Several manuscripts of his works survived due to his popularity in Antiquity and the Middle Ages. ... 41.1-42.5 Sallust's famous conception of the origins and reasons for civil strife in Rome. Parker, V. “ Romae omnia venalia esse: Sallust’s Development of a Thesis and the Prehistory of the Jugurthine War.” Historia 53 (2004): 408–23. A digression in this work indicates that he considered party strife as the principal factor in the republic’s disintegration. The history of the Philæni—LXXX-LXXXI. [23] In 49 BC Sallust was moved to Illyricum and probably commanded at least one legion there after the failure of Publius Cornelius Dolabella and Gaius Antonius. While these events were not of lasting significance, Sallust’s experience of the political strife of that year provided a major theme for his writings. The situation of Leptis—LXXIX. Theodor Mommsen suggested that Sallust particularly wished to clear his patron (Caesar) of all complicity in the conspiracy. in Rom) war ein römischer Geschichtsschreiber und Politiker. But in 112 Jugurtha accepted the city's terms of surrender; nonetheless Adherbal was tortured and killed, and Italian traders were slaughtered. 35 This is denied by K. Vretska, ‘Studien zu Sallusts Bellum Iugurthinum’, SAWW 229.4 (1955) 29–30, who regards Micipsa's fears as Sallust's indirect characterization of Jugurtha. As a reward for his services, Sallust was appointed governor of the province of Africa Nova — it is not clear why: Sallust was not a skilled general, and the province was militarily significant, with three legions deployed there. foolishly or ignorantly. The lesson… Sallust’s influence pervades later Roman historiography, whether men reacted against him, as Livy did, or exploited and refined his manner and views, as Tacitus did. Catiline was supported by certain members of the upper classes who were prompted either by ambition or by the hope of solving their financial problems by Catiline’s accession to power. Sallust describes the course of the conspiracy and the measures taken by the Senate and Cicero, who was then consul. Corrections? However, there is no conclusive evidence about this, and some scholars suppose that Sallust did not become a quaestor — the practice of violating the cursus honorum was common in the last years of the Republic. $94.42: $1.43: Buy used: $6.59. In particular, Sallust shows Catiline as deeply courageous in his final battle. In the following year, perhaps through Caesar's influence, he was reinstated. For example, Gaius Asinius Pollio criticized Sallust's addiction to archaic words and his unusual grammatical features.
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